Leaves: Leaf Arrangement: alternate vs. opposite simple vs. compound 2-ranked vs. spiral decussate single vs. bundled needles flat sprays Leaf Margins: entire serrate doubly serrate revolute Leaf Veination: arcuate 3-veined from base of leaf palmate pinnate penniveined Leaf Shape: needle like scale-like awl-like palmately lobed pinnately lobed Leaf Appearance: persistent, thick & leathery pubescent thin & somewhat translucent stomatal bloom Petiole Features: petiole sessile distinct glands on petiole leaf base parrallel to twig

Twigs: Buds: bud scales cap-like imbricate valvate terminal clusters naked sessile stalked spur shoot Leaf Scars: peg-like projections round smooth scars General Features: armed exfoliating bark ribbed, ridged green stems scurfy Pith Features: solid triangular chambered

Cones and Fruits: Cones: imbricate peltate cone bract Samaras: single double